AES Europe 2026

Before digital signal processing took over electronic
keyboard instruments, they were implemented using analogue
circuits that used tubes/valves, transistors, and even neon
lightbulbs! Yet using these components keyboards were
developed that could mimic string and brass ensembles,
pianos and harpsichords and many other instruments. How did
they do it?

The purpose of this tutorial is to look at both the
architecture and the circuitry of these instruments. And
show how amazing results could be achieved using
comparatively simple electronic circuitry. It will look at:

1. The basic architecture of these instruments
2. How they generated the right notes,
3. How they desired envelope,
4. And imposed them on the waveform,
5. Simulated the effect of many instruments playing
together.

It will also look at how, if it was required, touch
sensitivity could be achieved, such as in electronic
pianos. Where possible there will be audio examples
demonstrating the sounds that could be achieved.

For many people who have only ever experienced the digital
world it will be illuminating to see just how much could be
achieved by comparatively simple circuits.
In those days electronic components were expensive so
considerable ingenuity was expended in minimising the total
number of components required.

These instruments are part of our musical and audio
heritage and the circuit techniques they used are in danger
of being forgotten so this tutorial will be a timely
reminder of what used to be done.
It may also provide useful information to people who are
attempting to model these instruments using modern digital
methods.

The tutorial will be accessible to everyone, you will not
have to be an electronic engineer to understand the
principles behind these unique pieces of audio engineering
history.